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Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Nicknames: Note: This cactus is sometimes called "Nuevo Leon Living Rock Cactus", or simply: "Living Rock"[Reference here], but lots of other cacti are called that as well. O.G. observation: Species in the Ariocarpus genus, are often called "living rock" as a general identifying name. So know that when you hear "living rock" cactus, it is not necessarily in reference to this SPECIFIC species, rather it is used as more of a general name for various species within the genus Ariocarpus.
Introduction: "Some Mexican cacti of the genera Ariocarpus, Mammillaria, Obregonia, Pelecyphora, Solisia and Turbinicarpus have been studied with respect to their alkaloids and ethnobotany. Seven previously known cactus alkaloids were identified. N,N-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine was found to occur in Ariocarpus agavoides. In Pelecyphora aselliformis N,N-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine was identified as the major alkaloid."[6] The quote that I just cited is my reason for this investigation into Ariocarpus scaphiorostris cactus. I wanted to determine if it too produces mescaline or has an ethnobotanical history tied in with indigenous traditions. O.G. Observation: Most, if not all the time, in instances where there's a particular species of plants that produces a particular posse of compounds(alkaloids, phytochemicals), that's a clear indication that there are other species within the Genus that also produce those same chemicals, and possibly in higher percentages. An example of this is how Silene capensis produces the drug Ibogaine, but far less than Tabernanthe Iboga, or how Hemp produces THC, yet far less than Marijuana. In the case of the Cactus called Peyote(a Cactus that's produces a drug called Mescaline(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), a type of phenethylamine), only the cactus is controlled in the United States. The drug mescaline is found in many cacti that are NOT controlled in the United States, which makes them in a grey area of the law and legal. They're legal to own, buy, sell, trade, or be in posession of, but it's still illegal to illegally extract the mescaline from them. Note to self: Next blog: Ariocarpus retusus cactus
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisit to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and co-dependent. There are known strains of Ariocarpus that have been used by indigenous cultures in ceremonial context.[25][26][27][28] I've written about a couple of them on here and they include: Ariocarpus agavoides cactus, and Ariocarpus fissuratus(False Peyote). They also are active with Mescaline and related phenethylamines.
Classification: Produces various psychoactive phenethlyamines related to Mescaline and dopamine.[10] Legally sold in U.S. as ornamental Cactus.
Plant Family: Cactaceae[1] Subfamily: Cactoideae[1] Genus: Ariocarpus[1] Species: A. scaphirostris[1]
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with the Cacti being discussed on this blog. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[2][3][4][5] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[2][3][4][5] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html Having gotten all of that out of the way, Ariocarpus scaphiorostris cactus produces the following phytochemicals: Hordenine(4-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)phenol.)[8], N-methyltyramine, N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, N,N-dimethyl-3,4- dimethoxyphenethylamine, N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine and N,N-dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine.[7][10] So, it is active, and shares some of the same compounds that you generally see side by side next to mescaline(a type of psychedelic phenethylamine produced by Peyote and other psychoactive cacti species.[9]). You can pull up the chemicals that I just listed on PubChem and find out lots more about them, including other species of Cacti that produce them as well. The way closely related species produce the same components to varying degrees is very interesting.
Mescaline: Does Ariocarpus scaphiorostris cactus produce the drug Mescaline? It's most likely, because we know the genus does.[6] It is often hard to find academic sources on certain species but that doesn't necessarily negate the fact that it could be active with the compound. Here is a drug forum where they are discussing various Ariocarpus strains: https://forum.dmt-nexus.me/threads/ariocarpus-sp-workspace.360562/ You can learn a lot from these forums. I have found a credible academic source to confirm this A. scaphiorostris species is active, and confirmed it.[7] It's the same source cited on the DMT-Nexus forum, a work written by the famous ethnobotanist himself, Richard Evans Schultes. Books written by academics that are into chemistry, phytochemistry, and ethnobotany really are the best places to look for sourcing the names of these active specimens. The truth is hidden in plain sight. It produces psychoactive phenethylamines.[6][7]
Hordenine(4-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl) phenol) Hordenine is a phenethylamine alkaloid.[pubchem page] "Hordenine, a phenethylamine alkaloid, is found in a variety of plants and exhibits a broad array of biological activities and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects."[29] Another academic source sheds some light on the GI aspects of Hordenine's pharmacology, stating that: "It was found that N-methyltyramine could relax mouse small intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit small intestinal propulsion. The effect of N-methyltyramine on relaxing small intestinal smooth muscle could be inhibited by a-methyl-l-tyrosine."[30] O.G. Observation: Most of the time, hordenine is only found in trace amounts in plants(not enough to induce psychoactive effects), but it tends to be in higher amounts in mescaline/phenethylamine producing cacti. "Hordenine is an alkaloid extracted from a wide range of plants, including cacti and the seedlings of cereals (such as barley, proso millet, and sorghum), as well as some algae and fungi."[29] Aside from its psychoactive properties, it also has non-psychoactive pharmacological actions as well, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-tumor activities[29] The miraculous properties of Hordenine just keep getting more and more interesting, as I have found an academic source discussing its positive effects against COVID: "Studies indicate that hordenine can inhibit neuro-inflammation and reduce nerve pain, exert anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic nephropathy, and prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. In addition, hordenine displays antibacterial properties, as well as antiviral properties against herpes virus and SARS-CoV-2, and prevents inflammation caused by both viruses at the site of infection.[29] Interestingly, small amounts of Hordenine have been identified in the dried leaves of Cannabis sativa as well![31] The benefits don't stop there however, as as another scholarly source confirms for us that: "Hordenine is a nootropic (non-pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers) compound that augments cognitive ability. It is an MAO-B inhibitor that increases the norepinephrine level and hence, considered as norepinephrine and noradrenaline uptake inhibitor.[32]
(NMT)N-Methyltyramine: N-Methyltyramine has been reported in Senegalia berlandieri(acacia berlandieri), and Senegalia roemeriana.[17] What's interesting about that? Senegalia berlandieri(or synonym: Acacia berlandieri), produces Methamphetamines, DMT, Nicotine and Dopamine.[13][14][15][16] O.G. Observation: What's interesting about this is that it backs up what I often point out, and that is the pattern that chemicals hang out in gangs, like they have their own circle of friends... You can expect to find dopamine where there is mescaline. You can expect to find phenethylamines where there is N-Methltyramine. ANYWAY! In terms of N-Methyltyramine's pharmacology: "It was found that N-methyltyramine could relax mouse small intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit small intestinal propulsion. The effect of N-methyltyramine on relaxing small intestinal smooth muscle could be inhibited by a-methyl-l-tyrosine."[18] NMT(N-Methyltyramine IS psychoactive, "NMT acts as a serotonin receptor agonist and serotonin releasing agent and is said to produce hallucinogenic effects in humans."[19][20][21][22] As I pointed out in a previous blog titled: , Agonists are drugs that bind and activate receptors.[23] Chronic exposure to agonist causes downregulation(tolerance), while chronic exposure to antagonist causes upregulation(reduction in tolerance).[23] "Numerous studies have shown that chronic exposure of a receptor to an antagonist typically leads to upregulation, or an increased number of receptors."[23] "Chronic exposure of a receptor to an agonist causes downregulation, or a decreased number of receptors."[23] These things are good to know because they illustrate how the medicine can be used to reverse the tolerance to certain kinds of drugs. "NMT is an α-adrenoreceptor antagonist."[24] That means that consuming it will induce upregulation of those receptors, which may be useful in some situations. ("the more you know")
Pharmacological Notes: It's important to note that there are research chemical(pharmaceutical) versions of phenethylamines(detailed in this blog: exposing research chemical phenethylamines), and then there are naturally occuring phenethlyamines. Examples of natural phenethylamines include: Mescaline(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)[11], dopamine(3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine[12]), and insame numbers of other naturally occuring/recurring phenethylamines produced by insane numbers of legal cacti, all with unique psychoactive properties. All of them are closely related in structure to dopamine, interestingly.
O.G. Observations:
Other species of interest for future writing of mine: Ariocarpus trigonus, Astrophytum ornatum, Cephalocereus senilis, Ferocactus chrysacanthus, M. zephyranthoides
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Academic citations:
[2] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[6] Bruhn, Jan G., and Catarina Bruhn. "Alkaloids and ethnobotany of Mexican peyote cacti and related species." Economic botany 27.2 (1973): 241-251.
[7] Richard Evans Schultes, The Botany and Chemistry Of Hallucinogens. Springfield, Illinois, USA: Charles C Thomas, 1980.
[8] PubChem: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hordenine
[9] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Mescaline
[10] Bruhn, Jan G. (1975). "Phenethylamines of Ariocarpus scapharostrus". Phytochemistry. 14 (11): 2509–2510. Bibcode:1975PChem..14.2509B. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(75)80379-7
[11] Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6864602/ | PMCID: PMC6864602 PMID: 30318013
[12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dopamine
[13] Lalama, Abelardo Pachano. "Acacia berlandieri & Acacia rigidula."
[14] Sadgrove, Nicholas J. "Rumors of Psychedelics, Psychotropics and Related Derivatives in Vachellia and Senegalia in Contrast with Verified Records in Australian Acacia." Plants 11.23 (2022): 3356.
[15] Lalama, Abelardo Pachano. "Category: Sacred Cacti 4th edition Post navigation."
[16] Pawar, Rahul S., et al. "Determination of selected biogenic amines in Acacia rigidula plant materials and dietary supplements using LC–MS/MS methods." Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 88 (2014): 457-466.
[17]] National Library Of Medicine: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/N-Methyltyramine
[18] Jianan Ni, Yingying Guo, Nianwei Chang, Dandan Cheng, Menglin Yan, Min Jiang, Gang Bai, Effect of N-methyltyramine on the regulation of adrenergic receptors via enzymatic epinephrine synthesis for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 111, 2019, Pages 1393-1398, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.145. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S075333221837255X)
[19] Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (October 2014). "Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 231 (21): 4135–4144. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7. PMC 4194234. PMID 24800892
[20] Shulgin A, Shulgin A (1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley: Transform Press. "To my knowledge there have been no reports of oral activity of NMT, although its wide availability from botanic sources has encouraged some explorers to assay it. I have had one report that the smoking of 50–100 mg gave visuals that lasted for maybe 15 seconds."
[21] Nen (4 December 2011). Entheogenic effects of NMT from Acacia. Entheogenesis Australis (EGA) Conference, Victoria, Australia, 2–5 December 2011 (PDF). Archived from the original on 5 April 2025. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
[22] Nen (13 July 2013). NMT: A Spatial Hallucinogen With Therapeutic Applications. Breaking Convention: The Second Multidisciplinary Conference on Psychedelic Consciousness, University of Greenwich, London, 12–14 July 2013.
[23] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4780670/ Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects, and associations with drug use. PMCID: PMC4780670 NIHMSID: NIHMS762805 PMID: 26351737
[24] A review of the receptor binding and pharmacological effects of N-methyltyramine | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274429/ PMID: 25274429 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5231 | Sidney J Stohs, Michael J Hartman
[25] Bruhn, Jan G., and Catarina Bruhn. "Alkaloids and ethnobotany of Mexican peyote cacti and related species." Economic botany 27.2 (1973): 241-251.
[27] Univeristy Of Berkeley California: https://psychedelics.berkeley.edu/resources/mescaline-a-global-history-of-the-first-psychedelic/
[28] New York University: https://as.nyu.edu/departments/english/Events/Fall-2019/mike-jay--mescaline--a-global-history-of-the-first-psychedelic-.html
[29] Xu, Z., Zhang, Q., Ding, C., Wen, F., Sun, F., Liu, Y., ... & Yao, J. (2023). Beneficial effects of hordenine on a model of ulcerative colitis. Molecules, 28(6), 2834.
[30] Jianan Ni, Yingying Guo, Nianwei Chang, Dandan Cheng, Menglin Yan, Min Jiang, Gang Bai, Effect of N-methyltyramine on the regulation of adrenergic receptors via enzymatic epinephrine synthesis for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 111, 2019, Pages 1393-1398, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.145. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S075333221837255X)
[31] El-Feraly, F. S., and C. E. Turner. "Alkaloids [hordenine] of Cannabis sativa leaves." (1975): 2304.
[32] Anwar, Saleha, et al. "Discovery of Hordenine as a potential inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3: implication in lung Cancer therapy." Biomedicines 8.5 (2020): 119.
[3] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[4] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[5] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
Encyclopedia Resources:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariocarpus_scaphirostris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes
[26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariocarpus_agavoides
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov