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Passiflorine: Phytochemical Profile
Passiflorine is produced by the Passiflora incarnata species.
Ezekiel 47:12 "And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
Phytochemical name: Passiflorine;
Ethnobotany: What is Ethnobotany? According to Stetson University, Ethnobotany is defined as: "The study of the practical uses of plants within a particular region or culture, focusing on traditional knowledge and customs regarding medicinal, religious, and other applications."(Via: Stetson.EDU) Ethnobotany has major biblical, cultural, and industrial implications. It's a pre-requisit to phytochemistry, as the two fields of study are closely related to one another and co-dependent. It has everything to do with the subject of the phytochemical passiflorine, because the Ethnobotanist is the one who provides the phytochemist with information regarding specimens to research, thus leading to future drug discovery!.[2][3] So because of ethnobotany, we know about passiflorine.
Classification: Drug type: Sedative;[6] Chemical type: Glycoside[7] What is a Glycoside? "Glycosides are compounds that yield one or more sugars among the products of hydrolysis.[3]
What is Phytochemistry? It has everything to do with Passiflorine because Passiflorine IS a phytochemical. Phytochemistry is defined as: "Phytochemistry is the study of the chemistry of substances found in plants."(Via: https://ibs.upm.edu.my/content/phytochemistry-34443) See also: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
Phytochemicals: What are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are miraculous drugs and medicines produced by plants(ethnobotanicals).[1][2][3][4] They are studied in the laboratory for their complex medicinal properties.[1][2][3][4] If you're still confused about what a phytochemical is, please see my blog titled: difference-between-research-chemicals-and-phytochemicals.html Passiflorine is a phytochemical that phytochemist have isolated from passiflora species.[5][6][7][10] Here is another quote from another academic source confirming that Passiflorine is a phytochemical isolated from passiflora species: "From the methanol extract of air dried leaves, a cyclopropane triterpine glycoside, named Passiflorine was isolated, chemically which was reported to be (22R),(24S)-22,28-epoxy-24-methyl-1á,3â,24,28-tetrahydroxy-9,19-cyclo-9â-lanostan-4-oic acid â-d-glucosyl ester."[10] I've provided at least three academic sources to confirm that fact throughout this blog.
"One of six alkaloids isolated from P. incarnata has been called "passiflorine," and is believed by some to be the plant's active compound, although the Agricultural Research Service's web site describes passiflorine as inactive."[5] We know that the "Agricultural Research Service's" website is lying, because: 1) I've cited multiple academic source that confirms that: Passiflorine has been isolated from Passiflora species(and it is a sedative), and 2) We can see Passiflorine products being sold online, and passiflorine IS the active ingredient of those products.
Pharmacological / Medicinal Properties: I've read somewhere before that it is similar to morphine(but far less potent) but I need to find a credible academic source on this claim. Passiflorine is marketed as a supplement to help cope with stress(adaptogenic) and disturbed sleep(sedative).[11] According to credible academic sources, Passiflorine is a sedative.[6] What is a sedative? According to UC Davis University: "Sedatives are used to treat varying conditions; a few common examples include anxiety, tension, seizures, panic disorders and sleep disorders. Most sedatives that are used for recreational purposes have been diverted from medical use."[8]
Clearing Up Some Confusion: There seems to be some confusion online about whether Passiflorine is a trade name, or a phytochemical produced by various passiflora species. I've fact checked it and found credible authoritative sources to confirm it is a naturally occuring phytochemical produced by passiflora species.[5][6][7][10] There's no PubChem page for this chemical so it leads many to believe it doesn't exist. Why not though? I am not sure.
O.G. Observations: This stuff is sold on the market look: https://farmaciacheca.com/en/mind-and-relaxation/6395-passiflorine-125-ml.html I don't get paid for that reference it is merely to show you that it is being sold online.
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Academic citations:
[1] National Library Of Medicine: Dietary Phytochemicals in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Applications—A Comprehensive Review | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11922683/ | PMCID: PMC11922683 PMID: 40115248
[5] Traub, Michael. "Passionflower."
[6] Gruber, John W., and Ara DerMarderosian. "An Emerging Green Pharmacy: Modern Plant Medicines and Health." Laboratory Medicine 27.3 (1996): 170-176.
[7] Ezio Bombardelli, Attilio Bonati, Bruno Gabetta, Ernesto M. Martinelli, Giuseppe Mustich, Bruno Danieli, Passiflorine, a new glycoside from Passiflora edulis, Phytochemistry, Volume 14, Issue 12, 1975, Pages 2661-2665, ISSN 0031-9422, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(75)85246-0. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0031942275852460
[8] UC Davis University: https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/health-topic/sedatives-also-known-depressants
[9] Jafarpoor, N., Abbasi-Maleki, S., Asadi-Samani, M., & Khayatnouri, M. H. (2014). Evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Passiflora incarnata in animal models of depression in male mice. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 3(1), 41-45.
[10] Patel, Sita Sharan. "Morphology and pharmacology of Passiflora edulis: a review." Journal of Herbal medicine and Toxicology 3.1 (2009): 1-6.
Other:
[11] https://farmaciacheca.com/en/mind-and-relaxation/6395-passiflorine-125-ml.html
[2] Balick, Michael J., and Paul Alan Cox. Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. Garland Science, 2020.
[3] Tyler, Varro E, et al. Pharmacognosy 1988 (9th Edition)
[4] Swerdlow, Joel L. Nature's Medicine : Plants That Heal. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 2000.
Encyclopedia Sources:
Other resources:
M.A.P.S. Ethnobotanical Studies By Scholars
National Library Of Medicine https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
PubChem - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov